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Sources

Visual Evidence

"Kawainui Swamp Use." Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 1975.

     A carton depicting the indecision and confusion over what should be done with the Kawainui Marsh. (primary source)

“'Mosquito Fish' Airlifted to Kawainui Swamp.” Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 1963.

     A photograph from Honolulu Star-Bulletin, portraying workers from the State Health Department releasing Mosquito Fish into the Kawainui Marsh. The fish had come from Nuvanu Valley Reservoir to combat the extreme insect (mosquito) problem at the marsh. (primary source)

“The Mosquito Fishin's Great.” Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 1962.

     A picture taken from the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, showing the transportation of Mosquito Fish to Kawainui to help balance the ecosystem. (primary source)

"Old Ironclad Battles Mosquitoes with Broadsides of Insect Spray." Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 1981.

     A photograph from the Honolulu Star-Bulletin that depicts the fields of Kawainui Marsh being sprayed with pesticides by workers to target the growing mosquito population. (primary source)

*All other pictures within the site were either taken by Eve Berlinsky or free from Wix.

Mosquito Fish Airlifted
Swamp Use
Old Ironclad
Mosquito Fishinʻ

Fishpond

1. DLNR. “Division of State Parks.” Division of State Parks | Ulupō Heiau State Historic Site, State of Hawaii, nd, dlnr.hawaii.gov/dsp/parks/oahu/ulupo-heiau-state-historic-site/. 

     A secondary source outlining historical context of Kawainui Marsh in 1750. Offers evidence of fishpond fertility, relationships of chiefs and their people to the land, and spiritual association within the site.

2. N/a. “Field Sites.” Project Aloha Āina, Pacific American Foundation, 2009, pp. 26–28, kapalama.ksbe.edu/elementary/aap/moolelo/Lepo%20Ai%20Ia.

     A chapter of a book describing when it was a large fish pond, and how it grew large, fat fish as well as how loʻi fertilized the pond.       Describes scenes including the fishpond, kalo and the responsibilities of the people and farmers who took care of the land.

3. Ibid

4. hhf. “Kawainui-Hamakua Marsh Timeline.” Kawainui-Hāmākua Master Plan Project, Hhf Planners, www.hhf.com/kawainui/index.html.

     A list of events pertaining to Kawai Nui and the given dates of specifically noteworthy policies/partnerships within recent years.

5. Ibid 

6. “Kawainui.” Ko'olaupoko Fishponds, koolaupokofishponds.weebly.com/kawainui.html.

     A basic information on Kawai Nui in present-day. Attempts made at restoration and wildlife preservation.

Fishpond 1
Fishpond 2
Fishpond 3
Fishpond 4
Fishpond 5
Fishpond 6

Kalo

1. Sharing the Story of Kawainui-Hāmākua. Sharing the Story of Kawainui-Hāmākua, Hoʻlaulima Iā Kawainui, 2011.

    A brochure created in partnership with the Department of Land and Natural Resources and the National Park Service, along with many local Hawaiian organizations, to educate about Kawainuiʻs past, future, and goals in the community.

2. Ibid

3. Vyas, Anjali. “Aloha from Hawaii.” A Walk through Kawainui Marsh Trail: Wetland of International Importance, 26 Aug. 2017.

     A secondary source outlining a brief history of Kawai Nui. It includes very many pictures of the wetland present day.

4. “A Brief History of Taro in Hawaiʻi.” Hawaiian Kalo, Bishop Museum, 2013.

     A few paragraphs describing taro's influence and importance in Hawaiʻ by the Bishop Museum. Also includes descriptions of each variation of taro as well as cultural significance. 

Kalo 1
Kalo 2
Kalo 3
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